Question

Saddha is somewhat paradoxical in that in one sense it is a gift which we can't obtain by merely wanting to, and in another sense it is a virtue which can be cultivated. Question: what do you think of this aspect of the practice and how can we work with paradoxes in the path of purification? Example, it is the truth that liberates, not our effort to be free.

Answer

I think that probably a lot of the paradoxes are because people confuse the end result with the process, and put the ideals onto the process. For example, ultimate reality onto relative reality, ultimately we have to be free of attachments, but on the path to be free of attachments we have to develop wise attachments. So I think it's important not to put the end result of what one considers to be ultimate onto the relative. Another one is, "You have to go beyond such things as good and evil, in ultimate reality there's no this or that or good or bad or these other concepts." But we really don't know what ultimate reality is, so we have to deal with where we are now.

When you look at it closely, actually Saddha is not a gift, because if we look at the Buddhist theory of cause and effect in Kamma, that a person is able to have Saddha just on hearing the Dhamma arises due to Kamma. So anything that arises is due to cause and effect. According to what I understand about the law of conditioning, Saddha can be cultivated. Whether some people believe it is a gift, I am doubtful whether it is a gift or not. So I'm not quite sure whether that statement is true.

From working with lots of different types of people, I see there are differences in a person's capacity for Saddha and I believe it's coming from Kamma, and the law of conditioning. If one has developed a lot of negative conditioning towards doubting, Saddha is more difficult for that person to experience. There are methods to get to Saddha, but one's natural capacity for it I believe is dependent on Kamma.

I believe it's just a matter of not being able to see cause and effect that these paradoxes arise, not seeing that everything is dependently arising and that this is also the teaching of the Buddha. But as far as ultimate reality, the unconditioned is also defined as being beyond body and mind. Since everything that we know is dependently arising, ultimate reality is something we don't know anything about and so we can't say anything much about it.

But of course, there are a lot of different opinions about this in the Buddhist tradition, and then it comes down to different traditions believing this or that. But from my understanding of the practice, everything is dependently arisen, and sometimes, if it just arises spontaneously, it's because they haven't actually seen all the conditions that caused it to arise. Saddha itself is a "gift" of Right View, increasingly coming, and a gift of the development of the Paramis and understanding the nature of things. So with a lot of the paradoxes, we try not to figure them out, we just get into the process of developing beneficial qualities. If you can't figure it out, it's probably better not to try to figure it out with the intellect, but just get on with seeing greed, hatred and ignorance and learning how to let them go.

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